Analysis of Surveying and Mapping Technologies for Special Terrain in Surveying Engineering
测绘工程中特殊地形的测绘技术分析

摘要

伴随现代社会的城市化进程以及基础设施建设的发展，特殊地形测量在工程建设规划、资源勘探开发、环境保护等方面起到了十分重要的作用。特殊地形主要有高山、深谷、密林覆盖区、老城镇及水体湿地等等一些地形地貌，它们的地貌地形错综复杂、道路崎岖难行、自然环境极为恶劣，传统测量手段很难达到精准度要求和测量速度需求，在此背景下近来全球定位系统、无人机遥感、GIS与LiDAR的技术结合应用使特殊地形测图有了一个全新的方案体系。本文通过梳理各种不同的技术和原理以及应用方式，针对山区、森林、老城及水体滩涂等地形的测图实践，对特殊地形测绘测图方案设计、多种信息源数据整合以及智能测绘的研究现状进行了论述。文章最后总结出智能化、无人化、高精细度三维建模将是未来特殊地形测绘发展的必然趋势，可为相关工程实践提供一定的理论和技术依据。

Abstract

With the advancement of urbanization and infrastructure development in modern society, surveying of special terrain has played a very important role in engineering planning and construction, resource exploration and development, and environmental protection. Special terrain mainly includes mountainous areas, deep valleys, densely forested regions, old urban districts and towns, as well as water bodies and wetlands. These terrains are characterized by highly complex landforms, difficult access, and harsh natural environments, making it difficult for traditional surveying methods to meet the requirements for accuracy and efficiency. Against this background, the integrated application of technologies such as the Global Positioning System (GPS), unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), GIS, and LiDAR has provided a new technical framework for mapping special terrain. By reviewing different technologies, their principles, and application methods, this paper discusses the design of surveying and mapping schemes for special terrain, multi-source data integration, and the current status of intelligent surveying in mapping practices for mountainous areas, forests, old urban areas, and waterside and tidal flat terrains. The paper concludes that intelligent, unmanned, and high-precision three-dimensional modeling will become the inevitable trend in the future development of special-terrain surveying and mapping, and can provide theoretical and technical support for related engineering practice.