Design of an Envelope System Balancing Pest Prevention and Fire Protection for Grain Storage Buildings
粮食仓储建筑防虫与防火兼顾的围护体系设计

摘要

粮食仓储建筑围护体系既要限制储粮害虫、鼠类及外界污染物进入，又要满足粮堆降温、通风、熏蒸气 密和建筑防火要求。传统设计往往分别配置防虫网、密封层、保温层和防火构造，容易出现节点叠加、材料相容性 不足以及检修后性能衰减等问题。本文从害虫侵入路径、火灾荷载特征和围护层功能耦合关系出发，构建“基层承载— 连续气密—复合保温—不燃防护—可维护封堵”的多层围护体系，重点分析墙体、屋面、门窗洞口、通风口及管线 穿墙节点的构造方法，并提出分区设防、材料分级、熏蒸适配和运行巡检的协同管控机制。研究表明，只有将防虫、 防火、气密、防潮和热工性能纳入统一的节点设计与验收体系，才能降低围护缝隙扩展、保温材料阴燃、熏蒸泄漏 和害虫反复侵入风险，提升粮食仓储建筑的长期安全性与储粮稳定性。

Abstract

The envelope system of grain storage buildings must not only restrict the entry of stored-grain pests, rodents, and external pollutants, but also meet the requirements for grain pile cooling, ventilation, fumigation airtightness, and building fire protection. Traditional design often separately configures insect-proof screens, sealing layers, insulation layers, and fire protection structures, which can easily lead to problems such as node overlapping, insufficient material compatibility, and performance degradation after maintenance. Starting from pest intrusion paths, fire load characteristics, and the functional coupling relationship of envelope layers, this paper constructs a multilayer envelope system consisting of base bearing, continuous airtightness, composite insulation, non-combustible protection, and maintainable sealing. It focuses on the structural methods for walls, roofs, door and window openings, vents, and pipeline wall-penetration nodes, and proposes a collaborative management and control mechanism involving zoned protection, material classification, fumigation adaptation, and operational inspection. The study shows that only by integrating pest prevention, fire protection, airtightness, moisture resistance, and thermal performance into a unified node design and acceptance system can the risks of envelope gap expansion, smoldering of insulation materials, fumigation leakage, and repeated pest intrusion be reduced, thereby improving the long-term safety of grain storage buildings and the stability of grain storage.