Physiological Regulation Mechanisms and Environmental Adaptation Characteristics in Plant Stress Responses
植物逆境响应中的生理调节机制及环境适应特征

摘要

植物遭遇干旱、盐渍、低温和高温等逆境时，水分平衡、离子稳态、光合作用及细胞氧化还原状态均 会发生变化。为维持基本生命活动，植物可通过气孔调节、渗透调节、抗氧化防御、离子选择性运输和代谢 重构形成多层次生理响应。结合马铃薯、水稻、西葫芦和苹果等公开试验数据，分析逆境条件下脯氨酸、丙 二醛、抗氧化酶、叶绿素及Na⁺/K⁺平衡的变化规律。结果表明，短期适度胁迫主要诱导防御系统增强，持续 或强度过高则造成膜脂过氧化和光合能力下降，不同基因型在根系、生化防御及离子调控方面表现出明显适 应差异。

Abstract

When plants encounter stresses such as drought, salinity, low temperature, and high temperature, their water balance, ion homeostasis, photosynthesis, and cellular redox status all change. To maintain basic life activities, plants can form multi-level physiological responses through stomatal regulation, osmotic adjustment, antioxidant defense, selective ion transport, and metabolic reconstruction. Based on publicly available experimental data on potato, rice, zucchini, and apple, this paper analyzes the variation patterns of proline, malondialdehyde, antioxidant enzymes, chlorophyll, and Na⁺/K⁺ balance under stress conditions. The results show that short-term moderate stress mainly induces the enhancement of defense systems, whereas prolonged or excessive stress causes membrane lipid peroxidation and a decline in photosynthetic capacity. Different genotypes show significant adaptive differences in root systems, biochemical defense, and ion regulation.