Coordinated Evolution of National Water Use Structure and Water Use Efficiency from 2018 to 2023
2018—2023年全国用水结构与用水效率协同演变

摘要

为了体现用水总量约束下水资源配置结构与利用效率的协同变化，整理2018-2023年《中国水资源 公报》以及水利部公开数据，建立总量、农业、工业、人工生态环境补水、灌溉效率、工业用水强度指标序 列，用端点变化率、复合年均变化率、线性趋势进行描述性分析。结果表明全国用水总量从6015.5亿m³降 到5906.5 亿m³，下降了1.8%，工业用水量减少23.1%，人工生态环境补水增加76.3%，用水结构由生产型配 置向生产、生活、生态统筹配置转变。农田灌溉水有效利用系数由0.554提高至0.576，增加0.022；万元工 业增加值用水量由41.3 m³降至24.3 m³，下降41.2%。农业用水总量下降幅度小，年际间变化大，说明提高 效率会受气候、种植结构、灌溉需求等因素的影响。研究建议把总量控制、强度约束、生态补水绩效和区域 差异放在同一个评价体系中，不能用单一的强度指标来代替真实的节水量。

Abstract

To reflect the coordinated changes in water resource allocation structure and utilization efficiency under constraints on total water use, this study compiles data from the China Water Resources Bulletin from 2018 to 2023 and public data released by the Ministry of Water Resources, and establishes indicator series for total water use, agricultural water use, industrial water use, artificial ecological and environmental water replenishment, irrigation efficiency, and industrial water use intensity. Endpoint change rates, compound annual change rates, and linear trends are used for descriptive analysis. The results show that China’s total water use decreased from 601.55 billion m³ to 590.65 billion m³, a decline of 1.8%. Industrial water use decreased by 23.1%, while artificial ecological and environmental water replenishment increased by 76.3%, indicating that the water use structure has shifted from production-oriented allocation to coordinated allocation for production, domestic use, and ecology. The effective utilization coefficient of farmland irrigation water increased from 0.554 to 0.576, an increase of 0.022, while water use per 10,000 yuan of industrial added value decreased from 41.3 m³ to 24.3 m³, a decline of 41.2%. The relatively small decline and large interannual fluctuation in total agricultural water use indicate that efficiency improvement is affected by factors such as climate, planting structure, and irrigation demand. The study suggests that total quantity control, intensity constraints, ecological water replenishment performance, and regional differences should be integrated into the same evaluation system, and that a single intensity indicator should not be used to replace actual water savings.