Research on the Determination of the Validity of Standard Terms under the Civil Code
民法典背景下格式条款效力认定研究

摘要

格式条款能够降低大规模交易的缔约成本，但其预先拟定、缺乏个别协商的特征也容易造成合同利益 配置失衡。《民法典》通过订入控制、内容控制与解释控制形成格式条款规制体系，合同编通则司法解释进 一步明确格式条款识别及提示说明义务的判断标准。司法实践中仍存在未订入与无效混同、提示形式化、不 合理性判断标准不统一等问题。格式条款效力认定应按照主体识别、订入审查、内容审查和解释适用逐层展开， 并结合交易类型、权利义务失衡程度及相对方认知能力形成差异化判断标准。

Abstract

 Standard terms can reduce the contracting costs of large-scale transactions, but their characteristics of being drafted in advance and lacking individual negotiation may also lead to an imbalance in the allocation of contractual interests. The Civil Code establishes a regulatory framework for standard terms through incorporation control, content control, and interpretation control, while the judicial interpretation on the General Provisions of the Contract Book further clarifies the criteria for identifying standard terms and determining compliance with the duty to provide notice and explanation. In judicial practice, problems remain, including the conflation of non-incorporation with invalidity, the formalistic fulfillment of notice requirements, and inconsistent standards for assessing unreasonableness. The determination of the validity of standard terms should proceed step by step through identification of the relevant party, review of incorporation, substantive review, and interpretation and application, while differentiated standards should be developed by taking into account the type of transaction, the degree of imbalance in rights and obligations, and the counterparty’s capacity for understanding.